titanium carbide mechanical properties

As found in nature its crystals range in size from 0.1 to 0.3mm. Titanium carbide, TiC, is an extremely hard (Mohs 9–9.5) refractory ceramic material, similar to tungsten carbide. 3.4(a), (b) and (c), respectively). (b) Partially melted particle. They exhibit an unusual and unique property of metal-like conduction of heat and electricity and have mechanical properties of ceramics, such as being strong and brittle. ... Three times harder than hard chrome and harder than carbide material. KW - Composite. Table 11. W and Re were deposited on a Mo substrate by CVD. In a second step, the Cb templates were infiltrated by chemical vapor infiltration with appropriate gaseous precursors, whereby a ceramic layer was deposited around the carbon fibers. Superhard rounded titanium carbide grains impart high wear resistance and outstanding lubricity. 1 (d) (Dinaharan, 2016). Yanai et al. The mechanical properties of the as-cast TiC particulate composite have demonstrated a strong dependence on the particulate percentage and the fabrication process and the frequency of vibration. Titanium carbide (TiC) has a high melting point (3160°C) and is an extremely challenging ceramic material. DSC Properties of the Poly(BA-a)/TiC Nanocomposites. Titanium carbide is used in preparation of cermets, which are frequently used to machine steel materials at high cutting speed. KW - Powder metallurgy The mass relations between grinding elements and powders used were 20:1 to wet grinding and 40:1 … TiC particles are synthesized using the carbothermal reduction process of titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder and carbon in an electric arc furnace. The process for preparing TiN whiskers is similar to that described above for the synthesis of TiC whiskers except that the carbothermal reduction is carried out in a nitrogen instead of argon atmosphere. Arifin, in Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, 2016. The present study reports on the LPBF processing of the most important molybdenum alloy TZM, whose alloying elements—titanium, zirconium, and carbon—lead to particle and solid solution strengthening. Titanium carbide’s main uses are in the production of wear-resistant instruments, slicing instruments, abrasive steel bearings, wear-resistant tools, improving conductivity, and as a nucleating agent (Parashivamurthy et al., 2001). From this figure, it is observed that TiC nanofillers are well dispersed in the poly(BA-a) matrix, which justifies the higher values of flexural modulus over the other composites. However, some agglomerates are detected at 10 wt.% of TiC due to the high surface area of these nanofillers. (c) Unmelted particle. During the thermal treatment, the deposited layer has to react with the carbon from the template forming the desired ceramic layer. Scheele discovered “Tungsten” in 1781; however, it took 150 years more before the efforts of Scheele and his successors led to the use of tungsten carbide in the industry. TGA results show a significant increase in the T10 values of poly(BA-a)/TiC nanocomposites as the TiC loading increases. M. Sayuti, ... M.K.A. The matrix consists of two phases, polycrystalline silicon nitride and an intergranular glass phase based on silica and sintering aids, throughout which titanium carbide particulate dispersoids are evenly distributed. The mineral was named after Ibragim Khamrabaevich Khamrabaev, director of Geology and Geophysics of Tashkent, Uzbekistan. It would appear from the results that the tensile strength values are increased with the increasing on the weight fraction % of the titanium carbide in the alloy matrix and the tensile strength increased for the casting of the vibration, when compared to the gravity die castings (Table 11). Titanium's properties are chemically and physically similar to zirconium, both of which have the same number of valence electrons and are in the same group in the periodic table. Titanium carbide has an elastic modulus of approximately 400 GPa and a shear modulus of 188 GPa. Here, an exception is W2C, which can be efficiently produced at temperatures below 700 °C and then involves considerable potentials to coating pyrolyzed frames without requiring any further pyrolysis (37–49). Now, this compound has wider range of application compared to the carbide and is utilized in different parts varying from cutting tools' head to watch frame. Results of investigations into the resulting microstructure and mechanical properties when processing TZM by LPBF are presented. Fig. (a) Completely melted particle. Apart from their hardness, toughness and low-friction properties, these coatings also resist attack by corrosive fluids such as the engine oils and lubricants used in aircraft engines and parts. Hard coatings such as TiN and Ti-C-N–DLC have significant advantages in aerospace systems. Typical SEM micrograph of titanium carbide particles is shown in Fig. When the TiC nanofillers are incorporated into the poly(BA-a) matrix, the tensile strength of its nanocomposites is almost linearly increased to reach 64 MPa at 10 wt.% TiC. Different Grades of Tungsten Carbide will differ in Strength, Rigidity, and other Properties, but all Tungsten Carbide Material falls into the basic properties listed below. TiC is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material. Dmitri Brodkin, Antonios Zavaliangos, Surya R. Kalidindi, Michel W. Barsoum, Ambient‐ and High‐Temperature Properties of Titanium Carbide–Titanium Boride Composites Fabricated by Transient Plastic Phase Processing, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01815.x, 82, 3, (665-672), (2004). Once reaction pressure is below ambient pressure, reaction temperature can reduce to 700 °C. Such properties of titanium carbide as hardness and corrosion resistance strongly depend on its com- bined carbon content. The nanocrystallites within the amorphous matrices are only a few nanometres in size; hence, the generation of a dislocation generally does not occur and plastic deformation is seldom noticed. The compositionally graded layer formed through inter-diffusion of these elements at 2300 °C by heat treatment. 32. The reaction is allowed to occur in the temperature range 1200–1600 °C in a protected argon atmosphere. Subramanian and Stafford (1993) earlier reported that a multilayer coating provided several advantages, including improvement of the toughness through crack deflection at many interfaces, improvement in oxidation resistance and better tribological properties. Field emission properties of titanium carbide (TiC) coated carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays have been investigated. Here, we will discuss the history and discovery of Titanium Carbide, Properties of TiC Nanoparticles, including Hardness, Lubricating Properties, Chemical Properties, Storage Conditions, and Structure of Titanium Carbide Nano Powder. Spill area can be washed with water. Large-scale TiC particles can be produced if the oxides or ores are blended with carbon in a Menstruum process (Kirk-Othmer, 1978c, pp. Physical properties Titanium carbide has an elastic modulus of approximately 400 GPa and a shear modulus of 188 GPa. A correlation between the TiC content and the tensile strengths was seen, and generally, the strength increased to a maximum of about 135.8325 and 135.8454 with and without vibration. The effect of TiC on the mechanical properties such as micro-hardness and tensile strength were analyzed. showed that mechanical properties of composites increased with an increase in volume fraction of TiC Particles. 30. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. > 99 % purity. Manipulation of the different architectures – to create the appropriate coatings with a blend of the various tribological properties – is important in creating high-performance hard coatings. The tensile strength of neat poly(BA-a) is recorded as about 26 MPa. Voevodin and Zabinski (1998) reported that typically for single-phase nanocrystalline materials, the hardness increased due to the absence of plastic deformation, as the dislocations encountered significantly greater barriers to mobility. This improvement is attributed to the compactness of these nanomaterial networks as the TiC nanoparticles tend to restrict the chain mobility of the poly(BA-a) matrix. Titanium carbide can be etched with reactive-ion etching. Titanium CDCs exhibit highest gravimetric capacitance up to 220 F g−1 in KOH and 120 F g−1 in organic electrolyte, while SiC-CDC exhibit the highest volumetric capacitance of 126 F cm−3 in KOH and 72 F cm−3 in organic electrolyte [53]. Furthermore, the char yield at 800°C of poly(BA-a) is also substantially increased with the raising of the TiC content, starting from its lowest value at 29.5% to reach 46% at 10 wt.% of TiC. 30. Mechanical Properties Fabrication and Heat Treatment Forming Applications Introduction. Verpek et al. Mechanical properties of TiC particulates. The collector electrode was made at the Electrotechnical Laboratory by sputtering niobium oxide with a low work function of 1.38 eV on a Mo electrode [9]. This case was also reported for the poly(BA-a)/Si3N4 nanocomposites [23]. The control of area fraction and formation mechanisms of titanium carbide in the alloys has been studied. Microstructural changes in the graded TiC/Mo/W/Re emitter. Processing of fibrous carbide templates by the CVI-R technique. The third step in the ceramization process is a thermal treatment implying the chemical reaction. [10]. Key Words: Aluminum matrix composites, Titanium carbide particles, Mechanical properties, Table 11. TiB 2 is also a reasonable electrical conductor, so it can be used as a cathode material in aluminium smelting and can be shaped by electrical discharge machining. Maintenance costs due to wear and corrosion have been reduced. Titanium belongs to Block D, Period 4 while carbon belongs to Block P, Period 2 of the periodic table. From: Materials for Supercapacitor Applications, 2020, Jebaraj D.R Selvam, ... Rajakumar S Rai, in Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, 2021. M. Aliofkhazraei, N. Ali, in Comprehensive Materials Processing, 2014. In this process, mechanical milling fosters an ambient-temperature reaction to produce extremely fine TiC powder, which is then combined with low-cost, iron-based alloy powders.This mixture is then consolidated to produce a titanium-carbide product that can then be used in cutting tools. A series of poly(BA-a)/TiC nanocomposites was successfully produced using a solution blending method in THF followed by compression molding technique at the TiC content of 0–10 wt.% [22]. The rubber nanocomposites were prepared through mixing TiC nanoparticles with NR latex and the resulting NR/TiC masterbatch was further mixed at the solid stage with other chemicals via internal mixing. (2000) gave three different mechanisms relevant for the creation and retention of a nanoscale microstructure: avoidance of melting or grain growth of feedstock; inclusion of nanoscale particles with a very high melting temperature that remain solid while other components melt; and the formation of a nanostructure during solidification of sprayed materials upon impact. This review will focus on one of the more popular MXene materials discovered to date; titanium carbide MXenes, Tin+1Cn. In the VLS process, TiC whiskers are grown by the carbothermal reduction of a mixture of TiO2, carbon, and MCl (M=Li, Na, or K) in the presence of nickel as catalyst (Ahlen et al., 1996). 3.4. Titanium carbide (TiC) has a high melting point (3160°C) and is an extremely challenging ceramic material. Biomorphic SiC and TiC ceramics were produced from paper preforms by the chemical vapor infiltration and reaction (CVI-R) technique in a three-step process described elsewhere [5–7]. Typically, these nanocomposite coatings are deposited by either plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition (PACVD) or physical vapour deposition (PVD). In nanoceramic composite coating, two or more ceramic phases remain combined as multiple layers or as a homogeneous isotropic multiphase mixture. The precursor system used to form SiC and TiC layers on carbon fibers of the carbon templates was CH3SiCl3/H2 and TiCl4/CH4/H2, respectively, which decomposes according to Eqns (9.1) and (9.2): An overall flow chart of processing of fibrous carbide templates by the CVI-R technique is shown in Fig. This phenomenon is justified by the increase of the mixture viscosity in the presence of rigid TiC particles, which decelerate the ring-opening polymerization of BA-a monomer and thus prevents complete polymerization for this precursor without increasing the curing temperature. The reaction is analogous with that described above for the formation of WC, only that the precursor here is TiCl4. Young's modulus was calculated from the linear part of strain–stress curves obtained under tensile deformation of the samples. Moreover, the ensile modulus of these nanocomposites is gradually increased beyond that of pure poly(BA-a). According to Voevodin et al. (2000) reported that magnetron sputter-assisted pulsed-laser deposition is a good technique for depositing coatings in different configurations, such as with a functional gradient, and for multilayer and granular nanocomposites. Titanium Carbide Balls is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material, similar to Tungsten Carbide Diameter range: 0,3 mm – 100 mm Grades: ISO 3290 G5-G100 Hardness: Mosh 9 … 32. Such load-adaptive nanocomposite-based optimal design of a microstructure is extremely useful in wear applications. Process: PVD Vacuum Deposited Coating. Hastelloy ® is a nickel chromium molybdenum tungsten alloy (though, to blur the line even further, more metals are often present) and Stellite ® is a matrix of cobalt, chromium, and tungsten carbide. This means that the addition of the TiC nanoparticles delayed the degradation process of the poly(BA-a) by acting as an effective thermal insulator layer, avoiding the direct thermal degradation of the poly(BA-a) matrix during the heating process. Nanoceramic coating on a ceramic substrate from the vapour phase. Thomas A. Wolfe, ... Raj P. Singh Gaur, in Comprehensive Hard Materials, 2014. transition metal carbides and nitrides) with a second phase that acts as a binder and provides structural flexibility (like amorphous silicon nitride and amorphous carbon). (1996) crystalline carbides in amorphous carbon matrices are a good example of this category of nanocomposite. Unlike multilayer composite systems, the possible material compositions and particle sizes in nanocomposite coatings are restricted by the material properties and deposition conditions. TITANIUM CARBIDE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET SAFE HANDLING AND USE STEPS TO BE TAKEN IN CASE MATERIAL IS RELEASED OR SPILLED: Wearing full protective clothing, isolate the area and insure proper ventilation. They observed that the PACVD process also had certain disadvantages like gas-phase nucleation at uncontrollable rates, chlorinated precursors where unreacted species remained in the process, which contaminated the films, and high processing temperatures. The volume fraction and particle size of the coatings can be optimized to obtain adequate toughness and hardness. This forms a solid solution that is more brittle and susceptible to breakage. Pseudo-plastic deformation – in which the nanocrystals move against each other – is the principal mechanism of plastic deformation. These smooth, rounded grains are held firmly in place by steel or alloy matrix binders; each specically formulated to provide such properties as toughness, resistance … Today, above 60% of carbide cutting tools in the United States through CVD technique are fabricated using TiC or TiN, while HfN, HfC, or Al2O3 are produced in lower amounts where their cost is estimated as 5–50% of the initial equipment costs. Shaw et al. 1. Physical Form: Cubic Crystals: Vendors: It has high meting point compared to all other metallic materials. Besides nanoscale multilayer coatings, it is also possible to fabricate isotopic nanocomposite coatings consisting of crystallites embedded in an amorphous matrix with nanoscopic grains. The good dispersion of TiC nanofillers and their good adhesion to the poly(BA-a) matrix are the major causes for the tensile properties improvements. 1(d) (Dinaharan, 2016). Titanium carbide, TiC, is generally prepared from high-purity titanium dioxide blended with carbon black between 1700 and 2100 °C (Schwarzkopf & Kieffer, 1953; Kirk-Othmer, 1978b, pp. Y. Miyamoto, ... M. Koizumi, in Functionally Graded Materials 1996, 1997. Coating with these ceramics improves wear resistance, high-temperature stability and friction properties of the composite materials for different engineering applications. titanium-carbide powder. Titanium has five naturally occurring isotopes : 46 Ti through 50 Ti, with 48 Ti being the most abundant (73.8%). The evolutions of the tensile strength and modulus of the poly(BA-a)/TiC nanocomposites at different nano-TiC contents are depicted in Fig. This chapter presents the process for obtaining titanium carbides (TiC) from elemental powders of titanium dioxide, aluminum, and graphite by means of the mechanical alloying technique, using a semi-industrial attritor mill. Advances in laser-assisted deposition techniques have facilitated the fabrication of hard composites with nanocrystalline and amorphous phases (Kabacoff, 2002). This method may be used for the formation of submicron- and nanometer-sized particles. A TIC device with a maximum output power of 8 W/cm2 obtained at an emitter-collector temperature differential of 1600 °C-760 °C and a Cs reservoir temperature of 330 °C was assembled at Mitui Engineering & Ship Building Co.Ltd. The tensile strengths of 2 and 0.2% weight fraction of the above combined particulate composites are 135.8325 and 116.0743 MPa for a composite without vibration and 135.8454 and 118.68 MPa for a composite with vibration respectively. Fig. Titanium carbonitride can be synthesized at slightly higher temperatures but provides higher endurance. For Taiwanese broadcaster which uses the CTi branding, see, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, "Low‐Temperature Elastic Properties of ZrC and TiC", "New welding process opens up uses for formerly un-weldable lightweight alloy", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titanium_carbide&oldid=1004931094, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 February 2021, at 03:42. 31. It is well recognized that the well-dispersed inorganic fillers in any polymeric matrix can construct impermeable layers against smaller volatile or gas products [24,27,36]. The effect of TiC on the thermal stability of the poly(BA-a) resin is scrutinized in terms of TiC content and the changes of the initial decomposition temperatures at a weight loss of 10% (T10); the char yields at 800°C are drawn in Fig. The VLS method has also been used to produce TiN whiskers (Nixdorf and Rawlins, 1989; Nygren et al., 1995). [citation needed], The resistance to wear, corrosion, and oxidation of a tungsten carbide–cobalt material can be increased by adding 6–30% of titanium carbide to tungsten carbide. Three grindings were performing: a wet, a dry, and a vacuum grinding. Tungsten has high electrical and thermal conductivity, and low vapor pressure at high temperature. The noted disadvantage of the PVD process was that the films generated were of inferior quality – and the hardness was lower – than PACVD-deposited nanocomposite coatings. [5], "CTi" redirects here. A. Parvizi-Majidi, S. Begum, in Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, 2016. Preparation and evaluation of mechanical properties of Al-6061 reinforced with graphite and fly ash of seed husk (Honge) particulate metal matrix composite. In the case of a reduction using hydrogen, a reaction with liberated CO is expected to form hydrocarbons, specifically C2H4, which may then react with the titanium oxide species in another reduction pathway (Schwarzkopf & Kieffer, 1953). S. Maitra, in Advances in Ceramic Matrix Composites, 2014. Thermal degradation properties of poly(BA-a)/TiC nanocomposites. Thus, the compliance of the coatings is improved and catastrophic brittle failure is avoided. Titanium Carbide, TiC Categories: Ceramic; Carbide. The nanocomposite coating contained nanocrystalline TiN (4–7 nm) in a matrix of amorphous Si3N4. The authors further observed that PVD processing could be used to prepare the same coating by sputtering Ti and Si targets in nitrogen gas at room temperature. It is also used as an abrasion-resistant surface coating on metal parts, such as tool bits and watch mechanisms. Material Notes: CAS Number: 12070-08-5. The ceramization route involves first carbonization of the fibrous paper structures, where, due to pyrolysis reactions, the organic molecules of the paper fibers are converted into a carbon lattice, the so-called bio-carbon template (Cb). 9.1. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Materials for Supercapacitor Applications, Matrix and Reinforcement Materials for Metal Matrix Composites, Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, Ceramic-Based Polybenzoxazine Micro- and Nanocomposites, Advanced and Emerging Polybenzoxazine Science and Technology, FGM research programs in japan —from structural to functional uses, Tamari and Kato, 1979; Wokulski and Wokulska, 1983; Wokulski, 1987, Metal Matrix Composite Products by Vibration Casting Method, Nanoceramic matrix composites: types, processing and applications, Nano- and Microscale Processing – Modeling, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. The turn‐on voltage of field emission is largely decreased and the emission sites are increased after the coating of TiC thin films. Also, incorporating the TiC particles increased the Tg values of the poly(BA-a)/TiC nanocomposites from 158°C for the unfilled poly(BA-a) to 194°C for the poly(BA-a)/TiC10. Figure 4 shows the graded cross section of this FGM emitter developed by Tokyo Tungsten Co. Ltd. The following is a list of Tungsten Carbide Properties. It has the appearance of black powder with the sodium chloride crystal structure. Austenitic 316L stainless steel possesses a superior ductility and corrosion resistance. Vol-4 Issue-2 2018 IJARIIE -ISSN(O) 2395 4396 7886 www.ijariie.com 2103 Mechanical Properties of Titanium Carbide Powder Filled Epoxy Composites V.Ashwin kumar1,T.Aravind2,R.Durai3,D.Edison kanickai raj4,C.Anand chairman5 1,2,3,4 UG Students , Department of Mechanical Engineering,K.Ramakrishnan college of Engineering,Trichirappalli,Tamilnadu,India The coating was formed on the back of the Mo/W/Re emitter electrode [8]. Al-20 % vol. [clarification needed]. The W can act as a diffusion barrier for Re thereby creating a stable compositional gradation up to 2000 °C. The reduction-carburization reaction can be conducted in vacuum or argon, where the reaction proceeds as TiO2 → Ti3O5 → Ti2O3 → TiO → TiC. Figure 13. Titanium carbide (TiC) nanoparticles show good chemical inertness and good conductivity. On the other hand, as the content of TiC nanoparticles in these nanocomposites increased, the elongation at break values were reduced due to the lower elongation ability of TiC nanofillers, which restricted the flow of poly(BA-a) chains past each other. Tensile strength of titanium carbide particulate composites are determined. However, hindered dislocation factors alone cannot be used to explain the superior hardness properties of these nanocomposite coatings. [4], 7075 aluminium alloy (AA7075) is almost as strong as steel, but weighs one third as much. In addition to the mentioned cases, many nitrides, carbides, oxides, silicides, and borides are also fabricated as abrasion-resistant coatings through CVD technique but the reagents are toxic and require temperatures above 1000 °C. The carbothermal reduction can be represented by the following reactions: The whiskers produced have a diameter of approximately 1 µm and a length of 10–30 µm; they are straight and have a smooth surface. It has been found that carbon addition improves the mechanical properties of titanium and its alloys due to the presence of titanium carbide particles, which restricts the growth and formation of phase precipitates. TiC composites exhibited the best properties with hardness value (97HRB) and compression strength value (275Mpa). The first mechanism has difficulties in implementation; the last mechanism occurs in composites consisting of two or more immiscible phases, as in the case of Al2O3 and TiO2, and results in the solid-state decomposition of a single, meta-stable phase formed by rapid solidification during impact. [2], Tool bits without tungsten content can be made of titanium carbide in nickel-cobalt matrix cermet, enhancing the cutting speed, precision, and smoothness of the workpiece. 133-135). The mechanical properties of two-dimensional titanium carbides were investigated in this study using classical molecular dynamics. The exothermic peak, the onset, and the initial temperatures of the poly(BA-a) gradually shifted to higher values by adding the TiC fillers as shown in Table 11. KW - Mechanical properties. SEM micrographs of poly(BA-a)/TiC07 and poly(BA-a)/TiC10 nanocomposites. One of the commercial applications of CVD is cemented carbide coatings (such as TiC) on cutting tools' head, which is obtained through the reaction between titanium tetrachloride, methane, and hydrogen. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Iron aluminide-titanium carbide composites: Microstructure and mechanical properties Conference Subramanian, R ; Schneibel, J H ; Alexander, K B Composites of intermetallics and carbides (with binder contents less that 50 vol.%) are considered as potential candidates for applications requiring high wear resistance in corrosive environments. TiC has also been synthesized by gas-phase reactions of titanium halides with hydrogen and methane (Lamprey et al., 1966). The improvement in the char yield of the poly(BA-a)/TiC nanocomposites is mainly attributed to the high thermal stability of the well-dispersed TiC nanofillers, which does not decompose at 0–800°C under a nitrogen atmosphere, increasing the char yield of these composites. Using thin AA7075 rods with TiC nanoparticles allows larger alloys pieces to be welded without phase-segregation induced cracks. Material: Titanium Carbide (TiC), Bulk To purchase MEMS-related materials, supplies, … Moreover, Hauert and Patscheider (2000) reported that with these coatings, the toughness, thermal stability and environmental compatibility of the composite materials were also improved. No cracks were observed in this graded coating after heating to 1800 °C. KW - Orthopedic. (1995) reported that a plasma-sprayed nanoceramic composite with a composition Al2O3–13TiO2 exhibited unprecedented wear resistance, bond strength and toughness as a ceramic, and is in use on naval surface ships and submarines. The mechanical strength of natural rubber (NR) was enhanced by incorporating novel titanium carbide (TiC) nanocrystals as a filling material. 826-834). High-temperature ceramic coatings from the vapour phase consist of completely melted, partially melted and unmelted particles (Fig. The meta-stable phase formed from Al2O3 and TiO2 is a highly defective spinel. N. Ramdani, ... M. Derradji, in Advanced and Emerging Polybenzoxazine Science and Technology, 2017. Figure 4. The result is a self-adjustment of the composite’s deformation, from hard elastic to plastic when an applied load exceeds the material’s elastic limit. One example of a commercial nanoscale multilayer coating is WC/C, which is used for cutting tools. Titanium carbide whiskers have been prepared via both CVD process (Tamari and Kato, 1979; Wokulski and Wokulska, 1983; Wokulski, 1987) and VLS method (Kida, 1993; Nygren et al., 1995). Since the sliding process requires a relatively high amount of energy, resistance to plastic deformation in this category of materials can provide hard, low-friction coatings. The selection of an appropriate particle size results in the generation of optimum dislocations and both micro- and nano-cracks. This composite also shows tensile crack growth rates which are considerably faster than for pure titanium (by a factor 2) or Ti-15W (by a factor 2-6) and a fracture toughness which remains relatively high as compared to Ti-15W (21 vs. 34 MPa sqrt(m)).

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